The mechanism of delayed release in earthquake-induced avalanches

Puzrin, Alexander M.; Faug, Thierry; Einav, Itai

doi:10.1098/rspa.2019.0092

Cited by 12 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Seismically induced snow avalanches feature a particular type of trigger that induces a perturbation on snow-covered slopes. This type has been analyzed with several different approaches at the regional and local scales and with analogue and numerical modeling (Hackman, 1968;Singh and Ganju, 2002;Podolskiy et al, 2010b;Pérez-Guillén et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2015;Bulajić et al, 2018;Parshad et al, 2019;Puzrin et al, 2019). Regional analysis using a statistical approach allowed the inference that snow avalanches can be triggered by an earthquake of Mw > 2.0 (magnitude moment), up to a distance of more than 600 km, both during seismic shaking, and with a certain delay (Singh and Ganju, 2002;Podolskiy, 2010;Podolskiy et al, 2010a;Puzrin et al, 2019).…”

Section: Figure 2 | (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A possible temporal delay from an earthquake to an induced avalanche was documented in the area of western Himalaya ( Figure 1A) (Singh and Ganju, 2002). Several cases were reported that highlighted the delay times of some avalanches from the seismic shaking (e.g., in Western Himalaya: March 4, 1996 Lagongama, delay 350 min;January 26, 1999 Chadan, 49 min;January 16, 2000 Drass Sector, 7 min; January 21, 2000 Jawala area, 82 min; and other cased less constrained; for more details see table 1 of Singh andGanju, 2002 andPuzrin et al, 2019). The release mechanisms were recently summarized by Schweizer et al (2016); the main mechanism of the delay in earthquake-induced avalanches release was also investigated using a new analytical model that produces dynamics coherent with the Rigopiano case (Puzrin et al, 2019).…”

Section: Figure 2 | (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several cases were reported that highlighted the delay times of some avalanches from the seismic shaking (e.g., in Western Himalaya: March 4, 1996 Lagongama, delay 350 min;January 26, 1999 Chadan, 49 min;January 16, 2000 Drass Sector, 7 min; January 21, 2000 Jawala area, 82 min; and other cased less constrained; for more details see table 1 of Singh andGanju, 2002 andPuzrin et al, 2019). The release mechanisms were recently summarized by Schweizer et al (2016); the main mechanism of the delay in earthquake-induced avalanches release was also investigated using a new analytical model that produces dynamics coherent with the Rigopiano case (Puzrin et al, 2019). The rupture mechanism occurs due to the interaction between creep phenomena within the mass about to slip, strain softening, and the strain-rate sensitivity of the snow, which guide the growth of a basal shear fracture, as explained by Puzrin et al (2019) (Figures 1B-G).…”

Section: Figure 2 | (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These events are induced by numerous predisposing and triggering natural and anthropogenic factors. Earthquakes are one of the factors that can trigger catastrophic avalanches, as documented in the main mountain ranges in active geodynamic areas (Singh and Ganju, 2002;Podolskiy, 2010;Podolskiy et al, 2010a;Bulajić et al, 2018;Parshad et al, 2019;Puzrin et al, 2019). Specifically, the entire Rocky Mountains, the tropical and temperate Andes, and the entire Alpine-Himalayan mountain system are affected by these phenomena ( Figure 1A).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The seismicity limits are defined by peak ground acceleration (PGA) corresponding to low (>0.2 ms −2 ) and moderate to high (>0.8 ms −2 ) seismic hazard expected with 10% exceedance probability over a 50-year period (Giardini et al, 2003;Global Seismic Hazard Map, 2011). Hypothesis of delay (from Puzrin et al, 2019): (B) development of the rupture surface for different k values (from Puzrin et al, 2019); (C) initial fracture length l 0 vs. local (explosives, snowmobile, and skiers), and global triggers (earthquake) (from Puzrin et al, 2019); (D-G) sensitivity study of l0 potentially earthquake-triggered delayed avalanches (Rigopiano, Italy; Drass and Chandan, western Himalaya), considering a wide range of realistic parameters (from Puzrin et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seismically Induced Snow Avalanches: The Central Italy Case

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Section: Figure 2 | (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 2 | (A)mentioning

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Section: Figure 2 | (A)mentioning

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Section: Introductionmentioning

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Section: Introductionmentioning

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Triggering mechanisms of Gayari avalanche, Pakistan

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A massive snow avalanche occurred on April, 2012 at Gayari, located in NE part of Pakistan, close to India and China Border. The catastrophic avalanche killed nearly 148 people, majority of which were Pakistan army personnel destroying army base camp. To mitigate its future hazard, different triggering mechanisms have been investigated in this study. We contemplate that the avalanche was triggered due to snow pack existence on favorable slope in combination with different meteorological conditions and anomalous ground vibration. The avalanche occurrence clock was advanced by two earthquakes: M4.1 at a distance ∼ 125 km that occurred about 21 hours before and another comparatively larger (M5.6) earthquake that occurred comparatively at larger distance (∼ 370 km) and longer time (∼ 25 days) before which have significantly changed the loading conditions. The latter event (M 5.6) has imparted maximum peak dynamic stress and cumulative seismic moment a month before the avalanche. Interestingly the avalanche occurred within the seismic coda of M2.8 earthquake from Hindu Kush region, located at 560 km distance. Although the size and its expected impact on avalanche might be minor but its role in instantaneous triggering cannot be ruled out. Even smaller events at larger distance have been reported to cause snow avalanches in same environments. The presence of cracks within the avalanche, were further weaken by persistence of extremely low temperature (lowest in the past decade), causing high precipitation rate along with altering the mechanical properties of the weak layer within the snow pack. Robust wind pressure pattern highest and lowest in March and April, 2012 respectively might be responsible for abrupt changes in loading conditions.

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The mechanism of delayed release in earthquake-induced avalanches

Cited by 12 publications

References 34 publications

Seismically Induced Snow Avalanches: The Central Italy Case

Seismically Induced Snow Avalanches: The Central Italy Case

Earthquake-Induced Landslides and Related Problems

Triggering mechanisms of Gayari avalanche, Pakistan

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