Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Multivariate classification of social anxiety disorder using whole brain functional connectivity

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Brain Structure and Function Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recent research has shown that social anxiety disorder (SAD) is accompanied by abnormalities in brain functional connections. However, these findings are based on group comparisons, and, therefore, little is known about whether functional connections could be used in the diagnosis of an individual patient with SAD. Here, we explored the potential of the functional connectivity to be used for SAD diagnosis. Twenty patients with SAD and 20 healthy controls were scanned using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The whole brain was divided into 116 regions based on automated anatomical labeling atlas. The functional connectivity between each pair of regions was computed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and used as classification feature. Multivariate pattern analysis was then used to classify patients from healthy controls. The pattern classifier was designed using linear support vector machine. Experimental results showed a correct classification rate of 82.5 % (p < 0.001) with sensitivity of 85.0 % and specificity of 80.0 %, using a leave-one-out cross-validation method. It was found that the consensus connections used to distinguish SAD were largely located within or across the default mode network, visual network, sensory-motor network, affective network, and cerebellar regions. Specifically, the right orbitofrontal region exhibited the highest weight in classification. The current study demonstrated that functional connectivity had good diagnostic potential for SAD, thus providing evidence for the possible use of whole brain functional connectivity as a complementary tool in clinical diagnosis. In addition, this study confirmed previous work and described novel pathophysiological mechanisms of SAD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achard S, Salvador R, Whitcher B, Suckling J, Bullmore E (2006) A resilient, low-frequency, small-world human brain functional network with highly connected association cortical hubs. J Neurosci 26:63–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akay MF (2009) Support vector machines combined with feature selection for breast cancer diagnosis. Expert Syst Appl 36:3240–3247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson B, Goldin PR, Kurita K, Gross JJ (2008) Self-representation in social anxiety disorder: linguistic analysis of autobiographical narratives. Behav Res Ther 46:1119–1125

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JS, Nielsen JA, Froehlich AL, DuBray MB, Druzgal TJ, Cariello AN, Cooperrider JR, Zielinski BA, Ravichandran C, Fletcher PT, Alexander AL, Bigler ED, Lange N, Lainhart JE (2011) Functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging classification of autism. Brain 134:3742–3754

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 1994

  • Baldacara L, Borgio JG, Lacerda AL, Jackowski AP (2008) Cerebellum and psychiatric disorders. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 30:281–289

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beer JS, John OP, Scabini D, Knight RT (2006) Orbitofrontal cortex and social behavior: integrating self-monitoring and emotion-cognition interactions. J Cogn Neurosci 18:871–879

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biswal B, Zerrin Yetkin F, Haughton VM, Hyde JS (1995) Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar mri. Magn Reson Med 34:537–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackmon K, Barr WB, Carlson C, Devinsky O, Dubois J, Pogash D, Quinn BT, Kuzniecky R, Halgren E, Thesen T (2011) Structural evidence for involvement of a left amygdala-orbitofrontal network in subclinical anxiety. Psychiatry Res 194:296–303

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borg C, Bedoin N, Peyron R, Bogey S, Laurent B, Thomas-Antérion C (2012) Impaired emotional processing in a patient with a left posterior insula-SII lesion. Neurocase. doi:10.1080/13554794.2012.713491

  • Bruhl AB, Rufer M, Delsignore A, Kaffenberger T, Jancke L, Herwig U (2011) Neural correlates of altered general emotion processing in social anxiety disorder. Brain Res 1378:72–83

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruhl AB, Herwig U, Delsignore A, Jancke L, Rufer M (2013) General emotion processing in social anxiety disorder: neural issues of cognitive control. Psychiatry Res 212:108–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bullmore E, Sporns O (2012) The economy of brain network organization. Nat Rev Neurosci 13:336–349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burges CJC (1998) A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition. Data Min Knowl Disc 2:121–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell DW, Sareen J, Paulus MP, Goldin PR, Stein MB, Reiss JP (2007) Time-varying amygdala response to emotional faces in generalized social phobia. Biol Psychiatry 62:455–463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang C-C, Lin C-J (2011) LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol (TIST) 2:27

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen YW, Lin CJ (2006) Combining SVMs with various feature selection strategies. Feature Extr 207:315–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Cover T, Hart P (1967) Nearest neighbor pattern classification. IEEE Trans Inform Theory 13:21–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damoiseaux JS, Rombouts SA, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Stam CJ, Smith SM, Beckmann CF (2006) Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:13848–13853

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dosenbach NUF, Nardos B, Cohen AL, Fair DA, Power JD, Church JA, Nelson SM, Wig GS, Vogel AC, Lessov-Schlaggar CN (2010) Prediction of individual brain maturity using fMRI. Science 329:1358

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engel K, Bandelow B, Gruber O, Wedekind D (2009) Neuroimaging in anxiety disorders. J Neural Transm 116:703–716

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Etkin A, Wager TD (2007) Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry 164:1476–1488

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan Y, Resnick SM, Wu X, Davatzikos C (2008) Structural and functional biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease: a high-dimensional pattern classification study. Neuroimage 41:277–285

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fink M, Akimova E, Spindelegger C, Hahn A, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S (2009) Social anxiety disorder: epidemiology, biology and treatment. Psychiatr Danub 21:533–542

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fouche JP, van Der Wee NJ, Roelofs K, Stein DJ (2013) Recent advances in the brain imaging of social anxiety disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 28:102–105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox MD, Greicius M (2010) Clinical applications of resting state functional connectivity. Front Syst Neurosci 4:19

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME (2005) The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:9673–9678

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox MD, Zhang D, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME (2009) The global signal and observed anticorrelated resting state brain networks. J Neurophysiol 101:3270–3283

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friston KJ (2004) Functional integration in the brain. In: Human brain function, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego pp 971–997

  • Frith U, Frith CD (2003) Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358:459–473

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gentili C, Gobbini MI, Ricciardi E, Vanello N, Pietrini P, Haxby JV, Guazzelli M (2008) Differential modulation of neural activity throughout the distributed neural system for face perception in patients with Social Phobia and healthy subjects. Brain Res Bull 77:286–292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gentili C, Ricciardi E, Gobbini MI, Santarelli MF, Haxby JV, Pietrini P, Guazzelli M (2009) Beyond amygdala: default mode network activity differs between patients with social phobia and healthy controls. Brain Res Bull 79:409–413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldin PR, Gross JJ (2010) Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion 10:83–91

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldin PR, Manber-Ball T, Werner K, Heimberg R, Gross JJ (2009a) Neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal of negative self-beliefs in social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 66:1091–1099

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldin PR, Manber T, Hakimi S, Canli T, Gross JJ (2009b) Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:170–180

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golland P, Fischl B (2003) Permutation tests for classification: towards statistical significance in image-based studies. Inf Process Med Imaging 18:330–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greicius M (2008) Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 21:424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross-Isseroff R, Kushnir T, Hermesh H, Marom S, Weizman A, Manor D (2010) Alteration learning in social anxiety disorder: an fMRI study. World J Biol Psychiatry 11:352–356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo WB, Liu F, Xue ZM, Yu Y, Ma CQ, Tan CL, Sun XL, Chen JD, Liu ZN, Xiao CQ, Chen HF, Zhao JP (2011) Abnormal neural activities in first-episode, treatment-naive, short-illness-duration, and treatment-response patients with major depressive disorder: a resting-state fMRI study. J Affect Disord 135:326–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo W, Liu F, Xue Z, Gao K, Liu Z, Xiao C, Chen H, Zhao J (2013) Abnormal resting-state cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in treatment-resistant depression and treatment sensitive depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 44:51–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guyon I, Weston J, Barnhill S, Vapnik V (2002) Gene selection for cancer classification using support vector machines. Mach Learn 46:389–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Meuli R, Honey CJ, Wedeen VJ, Sporns O (2008) Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS Biol 6:e159

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn A, Stein P, Windischberger C, Weissenbacher A, Spindelegger C, Moser E, Kasper S, Lanzenberger R (2011) Reduced resting-state functional connectivity between amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in social anxiety disorder. Neuroimage 56:881–889

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haker A, Aderka IM, Marom S, Hermesh H, Gilboa-Schechtman E (2013) Impression formation and revision in social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord

  • Hattingh CJ, Ipser J, Tromp SA, Syal S, Lochner C, Brooks SJ, Stein DJ (2012) Functional magnetic resonance imaging during emotion recognition in social anxiety disorder: an activation likelihood meta-analysis. Frontiers Hum Neurosci 6:347

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayasaka S, Laurienti PJ (2010) Comparison of characteristics between region-and voxel-based network analyses in resting-state fMRI data. Neuroimage 50:499–508

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang CL, Chen MC, Wang CJ (2007) Credit scoring with a data mining approach based on support vector machines. Expert Syst Appl 33:847–856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferys D (1997) Social phobia. The most common anxiety disorder. Aust Fam Physician 26(1061):1064

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang T (2013) Brainnetome: a new -ome to understand the brain and its disorders. Neuroimage 80:263–272

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilts CD, Kelsey JE, Knight B, Ely TD, Bowman FD, Gross RE, Selvig A, Gordon A, Newport DJ, Nemeroff CB (2006) The neural correlates of social anxiety disorder and response to pharmacotherapy. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2243–2253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kriegeskorte N, Simmons WK, Bellgowan PS, Baker CI (2009) Circular analysis in systems neuroscience: the dangers of double dipping. Nat Neurosci 12:535–540

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao W, Chen H, Feng Y, Mantini D, Gentili C, Pan Z, Ding J, Duan X, Qiu C, Lui S, Gong Q, Zhang W (2010a) Selective aberrant functional connectivity of resting state networks in social anxiety disorder. Neuroimage 52:1549–1558

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao W, Zhang Z, Pan Z, Mantini D, Ding J, Duan X, Luo C, Lu G, Chen H (2010b) Altered functional connectivity and small-world in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS ONE 5:e8525

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindquist KA, Wager TD, Kober H, Bliss-Moreau E, Barrett LF (2012) The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review. Behav Brain Sci 35:121–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Yu C, Liang M, Li J, Tian L, Zhou Y, Qin W, Li K, Jiang T (2007) Whole brain functional connectivity in the early blind. Brain J Neurol 130:2085–2096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Liang M, Zhou Y, He Y, Hao Y, Song M, Yu C, Liu H, Liu Z, Jiang T (2008) Disrupted small-world networks in schizophrenia. Brain 131:945–961

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu F, Guo W, Yu D, Gao Q, Gao K, Xue Z, Du H, Zhang J, Tan C, Liu Z, Zhao J, Chen H (2012a) Classification of different therapeutic responses of major depressive disorder with multivariate pattern analysis method based on structural MR scans. PLoS ONE 7:e40968

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu F, Hu M, Wang S, Guo W, Zhao J, Li J, Xun G, Long Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zeng L, Gao Q, Wooderson SC, Chen J, Chen H (2012b) Abnormal regional spontaneous neural activity in first-episode, treatment-naive patients with late-life depression: a resting-state fMRI study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 39:326–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luo C, Qiu C, Guo Z, Fang J, Li Q, Lei X, Xia Y, Lai Y, Gong Q, Zhou D, Yao D (2011) Disrupted functional brain connectivity in partial epilepsy: a resting-state fMRI study. PLoS ONE 7:e28196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, McGinnis S, Mahurin RK, Jerabek PA, Silva JA, Tekell JL, Martin CC, Lancaster JL, Fox PT (1999) Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry 156:675–682

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meier TB, Desphande AS, Vergun S, Nair VA, Song J, Biswal BB, Meyerand ME, Birn RM, Prabhakaran V (2012) Support vector machine classification and characterization of age-related reorganization of functional brain networks. Neuroimage 60:601–613

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milad MR, Rauch SL (2007) The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in anxiety disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1121:546–561

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell TM (1997) Machine learning, vol 45. McGraw Hill, Burr Ridge

  • Mourao-Miranda J, Bokde AL, Born C, Hampel H, Stetter M (2005) Classifying brain states and determining the discriminating activation patterns: Support Vector Machine on functional MRI data. Neuroimage 28:980–995

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy K, Birn RM, Handwerker DA, Jones TB, Bandettini PA (2009) The impact of global signal regression on resting state correlations: are anti-correlated networks introduced? Neuroimage 44:893–905

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakao T, Sanematsu H, Yoshiura T, Togao O, Murayama K, Tomita M, Masuda Y, Kanba S (2011) fMRI of patients with social anxiety disorder during a social situation task. Neurosci Res 69:67–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norman KA, Polyn SM, Detre GJ, Haxby JV (2006) Beyond mind-reading: multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data. Trends Cogn Sci 10:424–430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF (2010) Social phobia and depression: prevalence and comorbidity. J Psychosom Res 68:235–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson IR, Plotzker A, Ezzyat Y (2007) The enigmatic temporal pole: a review of findings on social and emotional processing. Brain 130:1718–1731

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira F, Mitchell T, Botvinick M (2009) Machine learning classifiers and fMRI: a tutorial overview. Neuroimage 45:S199–S209

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polosan M, Baciu M, Cousin E, Perrone M, Pichat C, Bougerol T (2011) An fMRI study of the social competition in healthy subjects. Brain Cogn 77:401–411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Power JD, Barnes KA, Snyder AZ, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE (2012) Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. Neuroimage 59:2142–2154

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu C, Liao W, Ding J, Feng Y, Zhu C, Nie X, Zhang W, Chen H, Gong Q (2011) Regional homogeneity changes in social anxiety disorder: a resting-state fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 194:47–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL (2001) A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:676–682

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saad ZS, Gotts SJ, Murphy K, Chen G, Jo HJ, Martin A, Cox RW (2012) Trouble at rest: how correlation patterns and group differences become distorted after global signal regression. Brain Connectivity 2:25–32

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satterthwaite TD, Wolf DH, Loughead J, Ruparel K, Elliott MA, Hakonarson H, Gur RC, Gur RE (2012) Impact of in-scanner head motion on multiple measures of functional connectivity: relevance for studies of neurodevelopment in youth. Neuroimage 60:623–632

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmahmann JD (2010) The role of the cerebellum in cognition and emotion: personal reflections since 1982 on the dysmetria of thought hypothesis, and its historical evolution from theory to therapy. Neuropsychol Rev 20:236–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schölkopf B, Smola AJ (2001) Learning with kernels: Support vector machines, regularization, optimization, and beyond. MIT press, Cambridge

  • Shi F, Liu Y, Jiang T, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Jiang J, Liu H, Liu Z (2007) Regional homogeneity and anatomical parcellation for fMRI image classification: application to schizophrenia and normal controls. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 10:136–143

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith K (2012) Brain imaging: fMRI 2.0. Nature 484:24–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorg C, Riedl V, Mühlau M, Calhoun VD, Eichele T, Läer L, Drzezga A, Förstl H, Kurz A, Zimmer C (2007) Selective changes of resting-state networks in individuals at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:18760–18765

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sporns O (2011) The human connectome: a complex network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1224:109–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein JF, Glickstein M (1992) Role of the cerebellum in visual guidance of movement. Physiol Rev 72:967–1017

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein MB, Stein DJ (2008) Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet 371:1115–1125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su L, Wang L, Chen F, Shen H, Li B, Hu D (2012) Sparse representation of brain aging: extracting covariance patterns from structural MRI. PLoS ONE 7:e36147

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syal S, Hattingh CJ, Fouche JP, Spottiswoode B, Carey PD, Lochner C, Stein DJ (2012) Grey matter abnormalities in social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Metab Brain Dis 27:299–309

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talati A, Pantazatos SP, Schneier FR, Weissman MM, Hirsch J (2013) Gray matter abnormalities in social anxiety disorder: primary, replication, and specificity studies. Biol Psychiatry 73:75–84

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang Y, Jiang W, Liao J, Wang W, Luo A (2013) Identifying individuals with antisocial personality disorder using resting-state FMRI. PLoS ONE 8:e60652

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tian L, Wang J, Yan C, He Y (2011) Hemisphere- and gender-related differences in small-world brain networks: a resting-state functional MRI study. Neuroimage 54:191–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tillfors M, Furmark T, Marteinsdottir I, Fischer H, Pissiota A, Langstrom B, Fredrikson M (2001) Cerebral blood flow in subjects with social phobia during stressful speaking tasks: a PET study. Am J Psychiatry 158:1220–1226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tillfors M, Furmark T, Marteinsdottir I, Fredrikson M (2002) Cerebral blood flow during anticipation of public speaking in social phobia: a PET study. Biol Psychiatry 52:1113–1119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, Mazoyer B, Joliot M (2002) Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage 15:273–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin LQ, Menon V, Young CB, Ryali S, Chen T, Khouzam A, Minshew NJ, Hardan AY (2011) Multivariate searchlight classification of structural magnetic resonance imaging in children and adolescents with autism. Biol Psychiatry 70:833–841

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk KR, Sabuncu MR, Buckner RL (2012) The influence of head motion on intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Neuroimage 59:431–438

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vapnik VN (1995) The nature of statistical learning theory. Springer, New York Inc

  • Wang J, Wang L, Zang Y, Yang H, Tang H, Gong Q, Chen Z, Zhu C, He Y (2009) Parcellation-dependent small-world brain functional networks: a resting-state fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 30:1511–1523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Shen H, Tang F, Zang Y, Hu D (2012) Combined structural and resting-state functional MRI analysis of sexual dimorphism in the young adult human brain: an MVPA approach. Neuroimage 61:931–940

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick JM, Carey P, Jordaan GP, Dupont P, Stein DJ (2008) Resting brain perfusion in social anxiety disorder: a voxel-wise whole brain comparison with healthy control subjects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32:1251–1256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wee CY, Yap PT, Li W, Denny K, Browndyke JN, Potter GG, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Wang L, Shen D (2011) Enriched white matter connectivity networks for accurate identification of MCI patients. Neuroimage 54:1812–1822

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wee CY, Yap PT, Zhang D, Wang L, Shen D (2013) Group-constrained sparse fMRI connectivity modeling for mild cognitive impairment identification. Brain Struct Funct. doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0524-8

  • Yu C, Liu Y, Li J, Zhou Y, Wang K, Tian L, Qin W, Jiang T, Li K (2008) Altered functional connectivity of primary visual cortex in early blindness. Hum Brain Mapp 29:533–543

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahn R, Moll J, Krueger F, Huey ED, Garrido G, Grafman J (2007) Social concepts are represented in the superior anterior temporal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:6430–6435

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zalesky A, Fornito A, Harding IH, Cocchi L, Yucel M, Pantelis C, Bullmore ET (2010) Whole-brain anatomical networks: does the choice of nodes matter? Neuroimage 50:970–983

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang D, Wang Y, Zhou L, Yuan H, Shen D (2011a) Multimodal classification of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimage 55:856–867

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Wang J, Wu Q, Kuang W, Huang X, He Y, Gong Q (2011b) Disrupted brain connectivity networks in drug-naive, first-episode major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 70:334–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Liao W, Chen H, Mantini D, Ding JR, Xu Q, Wang Z, Yuan C, Chen G, Jiao Q, Lu G (2011c) Altered functional-structural coupling of large-scale brain networks in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Brain 134:2912–2928

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou B, Liu Y, Zhang Z, An N, Yao H, Wang P, Wang L, Zhang X, Jiang T (2013) Impaired functional connectivity of the thalamus in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a resting-state fMRI study. Curr Alzheimer Res 10:754–766

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu CZ, Zang YF, Cao QJ, Yan CG, He Y, Jiang TZ, Sui MQ, Wang YF (2008) Fisher discriminative analysis of resting-state brain function for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage 40:110–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the two anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions and Kim-Han Thung for the proof-reading and valuable comments. H. Chen was supported by the 973 project (No. 2012CB517901), the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61125304 and 61035006), and the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20120185110028). F. Liu was supported by China Scholarship Council (No. 2011607033) and the Scholarship Award for Excellent Doctoral Student granted by Ministry of Education (No. A03003023901010). L. Zeng was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81171406). W. Guo was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81260210 and 30900483).

Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

    Feng Liu, Yifeng Wang, Jurong Ding, Ling Zeng & Huafu Chen

  2. Mental Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China

    Wenbin Guo

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Jean-Paul Fouche

  4. Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Jean-Paul Fouche

  5. Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa

    Jean-Paul Fouche

  6. School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

    Wenqin Wang

  7. Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China

    Changjian Qiu & Wei Zhang

  8. Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China

    Qiyong Gong

Authors
  1. Feng Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wenbin Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jean-Paul Fouche
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yifeng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Wenqin Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jurong Ding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ling Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Changjian Qiu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Qiyong Gong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Wei Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Huafu Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Huafu Chen.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 225 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Liu, F., Guo, W., Fouche, JP. et al. Multivariate classification of social anxiety disorder using whole brain functional connectivity. Brain Struct Funct 220, 101–115 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0641-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0641-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation