Nanomaterials have much to offer, in deciphering innate immune cell biology and tracking cells, and in advancing personalized clinical care by providing diagnostic and prognostic information, quantifying treatment efficacy and designing better therapeutics. This Review presents different types of nanomaterial, their biological properties and their applications for imaging macrophages in human diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, aortic aneurysm, diabetes and other conditions
We anticipate that future needs will include the development of nanomaterials that are specific for immune cell subsets and can be used as imaging surrogates for nanotherapeutics
New in vivo imaging clinical tools for noninvasive macrophage quantification are expected to become relevant to predicting patients' clinical outcome, defining treatment options and monitoring responses to therapy
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