The goal of producing functional tissues is challenged by the complexity of organ architectures
Transplanting modules coated with allogeneic rat endothelial cells into immune compromised rats resulted in the outgrowth of the transplanted cells to form functioning blood vessels that persisted for at least 60 days
The self-assembly strategies discussed here may evolve to allow the formation of spatially organized tissues
The ability to control the architecture of 3D cell/material hybrid structures may prove to be critical for the development of highly advanced scaffolds for cell transplantation that are better mimics of natural extracellular matrix
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